Effect of energetic ions on edge-localized modes in tokamak plasmas

J. Dominguez-Palacios, S. Futatani, M. Garcia-Munoz, A. Jansen van Vuuren, E. Viezzer, J. Gonzalez-Martin, M. Toscano-Jimenez, P. Oyola, Y. Todo, Y. Suzuki, L. Sanchis, J. Rueda-Rueda, J. Galdon-Quiroga, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, H. Chen, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, L. Velarde, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, V. Artigues, M. Astrain Etxezarreta, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon Navarro, M. Bauer, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, L. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megas, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, A. Castillo Castillo, A. Cathey, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A. J. Creely, G. Croci, D. J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, I. Cziegler, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, M. Dibon, J. J. Dominguez-Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, M. Dreval, M. Dunne, B. P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J. C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, I. Girka, O. Girka, T. Gleiter, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, J. C. Gonzalez, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, G. Grenfell, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, O. Grover, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, D. Hachmeister, A. H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, P. Heinrich, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, M. Herschel, S. Heuraux, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, S. Hörmann, J. H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, J. Illerhaus, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, J. Kalis, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, M. Kircher, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, F. Klossek, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, I. Krebs, A. Kreuzeder, K. Krieger, O. Kudlacek, D. Kulla, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P. Lainer, P. T. Lang, P. Lauber, L. Leppin, E. Lerche, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, H. Lindl, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N. C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, V. Maquet, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. Markl, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, F. Matos, M. Mayer, P. J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, G. Meng, R. Merkel, A. Merle, H. Meyer, M. Michelini, D. Milanesio, V. Mitterauer, P. Molina Cabrera, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R. D. Nem, R. Neu, A. H. Nielsen, S. K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, O. Pan, G. Papp, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, M. Peglau, E. Peluso, P. Petersson, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöckl, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, A. Popa, L. Porte, J. Puchmayr, T. Pütterich, L. Radovanovic, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, A. Redl, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. 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Trevisan, M. Tripský, P. Ulbl, G. Urbanczyk, M. Usoltseva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, T. Vierle, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, D. Wendler, A. E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, C. You, Q. Yu, R. Zagorski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, A. Zibrov, M. Zilker, C. F. B. Zimmermann, A. Zito, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, the EuroFUSION MST1 Team, G. F. Harrer, M. G. Dunne, R. Maurizio, H. Meyer, S. Saarelma, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, D. Aguiam, R. Akers, R. Albanese, C. Albert, R. Ambrosino, Y. Andrèbe, G. Apruzzese, M. Aradi, H. Arnichand, F. Auriemma, G. Avdeeva, J. M. Ayllon-Guerola, F. Bagnato, V. K. Bandaru, M. Barnes, L. Barrera-Orte, P. Bettini, O. Biletskyi, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, P. Blanchard, D. Boeyaert, K. Bogar, O. Bogar, P. Bohm, F. Bombarda, L. Boncagni, F. Bouquey, C. Bowman, D. Brunetti, J. Bucalossi, J. Buchanan, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, S. Buller, P. Buratti, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, P. Cano Megías, D. Carnevale, F. Carpanese, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, A. Casolari, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, S. Ceccuzzi, J. Cerovsky, S. Chapman, P. Chmielewski, D. Choi, G. Ciraolo, D. Colette, L. Cordaro, F. Cordella, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, G. De Carolis, H. De Oliveira, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, N. den Harder, M. Dimitrova, F. Dolizy, J. J. Domínguez-Palacios Durán, D. Douai, A. Drenik, B. Dudson, D. Dunai, S. Elmore, O. Embréus, B. Erdõs, A. Fanni, I. Faust, J. Faustin, N. Fedorczak, S. Feng, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, O. Février, L. Figini, A. Figueiredo, A. Fil, M. Fontana, M. Francesco, C. Fuchs, L. Gabellieri, D. Gadariya, D. Gahle, D. Galassi, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, J. Garcia, J. Garcia-Lopez, L. Garzotti, J. Gath, B. Geiger, L. Giacomelli, S. Gibson, G. Giruzzi, J. 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McClements, B. Mcmillan, C. Meineri, V. Menkovski, D. Meshcheriakov, M. Messmer, D. Micheletti, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, I. G. Miron, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. A. Molina Cabrera, J. Morales, J. -M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, D. Naydenkova, F. Nespoli, S. Newton, V. Nikolaeva, M. Oberkofler, P. Ollus, J. Omotani, J. Ongena, F. Orain, F. P. Orsitto, R. Paccagnella, A. Palha, L. Panaccione, R. Panek, M. Panjan, I. Paradela Perez, F. Parra, M. Passeri, A. Pau, R. Pavlichenko, A. Perek, V. Pericoli Radolfini, F. Pesamosca, M. Peterka, V. Petrzilka, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, P. Piovesan, L. Piron, G. Pokol, P. Pölöskei, T. Popov, Z. Popovic, G. Pór, G. Pucella, M. E. Puiatti, M. Rabinski, J. Juul Rasmussen, G. A. Rattá, T. Ravensbergen, D. Réfy, H. Reimerdes, F. Reimold, C. Reux, S. Reznik, N. Rispoli, G. Rocchi, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, A. Romano, J. Rosato, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, D. A. Ryan, A. Salmi, D. Samaddar, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, R. Scannell, M. Scheffer, B. S. Schneider, P. Schneider, J. Seidl, E. Seliunin, S. Sharapov, R. R. Sheeba, S. Sipilä, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E. R. Solano, S. K. Hansen, C. Soria-Hoyo, E. Sorokovoy, A. Sperduti, L. Stipani, P. Strand, H. Sun, D. Sytnykov, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, A. Teplukhina, D. Testa, C. Theiler, A. Thornton, B. Tilia, P. Tolias, M. Tomes, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, O. Tudisco, J. Urban, M. Vallar, P. Vallejos Olivares, M. Valovic, D. Van Vugt, B. Vanovac, J. Varje, J. Varju, S. Vartanian, O. Vasilovici, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, F. Villone, I. Voitsekhovitch, D. Voltolina, P. Vondracek, N. M. T. Vu, N. Walkden, T. Wauters, V. Weinzettl, M. Wensing, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, G. Wilkie, K. Wu, L. Xiang, D. Zaloga, P. Zanca, R. Zaplotnik, J. Zebrowski, W. Zhang, A. Zisis, S. Zoletnik, M. Zuin

2025 · Nature Physics · vol. 21 · no. 1 · pp. 43-51 · Springer Science and Business Media LLC · 10.1038/s41567-024-02715-6

Abstract

Abstract The most efficient and promising operational regime for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor tokamak is the high-confinement mode. In this regime, however, periodic relaxations of the plasma edge can occur. These edge-localized modes pose a threat to the integrity of the fusion device. Here we reveal the strong impact of energetic ions on the spatio-temporal structure of edge-localized modes in tokamaks using nonlinear hybrid kinetic–magnetohydrodynamic simulations. A resonant interaction between the fast ions at the plasma edge and the electromagnetic perturbations from the edge-localized mode leads to an energy and momentum exchange. Energetic ions modify, for example, the amplitude, frequency spectrum and crash timing of edge-localized modes. The simulations reproduce some observations that feature abrupt and large edge-localized mode crashes. The results indicate that, in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, a strong interaction between the fusion-born alpha particles and ions from neutral beam injection, a main heating and fast particle source, is expected with predicted edge-localized mode perturbations. This work advances the understanding of the physics underlying edge-localized mode crashes in the presence of energetic particles and highlights the importance of including energetic ion kinetic effects in the optimization of edge-localized mode control techniques and regimes that are free of such modes.

@article{Dominguez_Palacios_2025,
 title={Effect of energetic ions on edge-localized modes in tokamak plasmas},
 volume={21},
 ISSN={1745-2481},
 url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02715-6},
 DOI={10.1038/s41567-024-02715-6},
 number={1},
 journal={Nature Physics},
 publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
 author={Dominguez-Palacios, J. and Futatani, S. and Garcia-Munoz, M. and Jansen van Vuuren, A. and Viezzer, E. and Gonzalez-Martin, J. and Toscano-Jimenez, M. and Oyola, P. and Todo, Y. and Suzuki, Y. and Sanchis, L. and Rueda-Rueda, J. and Galdon-Quiroga, J. and Hidalgo-Salaverri, J. and Chen, H. and Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F. and Velarde, L. and Alessi, E. and Angioni, C. and Arden, N. and Artigues, V. and Etxezarreta, M. Astrain and Asunta, O. and Balden, M. and Bandaru, V. and Navarro, A. Banon and Bauer, M. and Bergmann, A. and Bergmann, M. and Bernardo, J. and Bernert, M. and Biancalani, A. and Bielajew, R. and Bilato, R. and Birkenmeier, G. and Blanken, T. and Bobkov, V. and Bock, A. and Bock, L. and Body, T. and Bolzonella, T. and Bonanomi, N. and Bortolon, A. and Böswirth, B. and Bottereau, C. and Bottino, A. and van den Brand, H. and Brenzke, M. and Brezinsek, S. and Brida, D. and Brochard, F. and Buchanan, J. and Buhler, A. and Burckhart, A. and Camenen, Y. and Cannas, B. and Megas, P. Cano and Carlton, D. and Carr, M. and Carvalho, P. and Castaldo, C. and Castillo, A. Castillo and Cathey, A. and Cavedon, M. and Cazzaniga, C. and Challis, C. and Chankin, A. and Chomiczewska, A. and Cianfarani, C. and Clairet, F. and Coda, S. and Coelho, R. and Coenen, J. W. and Colas, L. and Conway, G. and Costea, S. and Coster, D. and Cote, T. and Creely, A. J. and Croci, G. and Zabala, D. J. Cruz and Cseh, G. and Cziegler, I. and D’Arcangelo, O. and Molin, A. Dal and David, P. and Day, C. and de Baar, M. and de Marné, P. and Delogu, R. and Denner, P. and Siena, A. Di and Dibon, M. and Durán, J. J. Dominguez-Palacios and Dunai, D. and Dreval, M. and Dunne, M. and Duval, B. P. and Dux, R. and Eich, T. and Elgeti, S. and Encheva, A. and Esposito, B. and Fable, E. and Faitsch, M. and Jimenez, D. Fajardo and Fantz, U. and Farnik, M. and Faugel, H. and Felici, F. and Ficker, O. and Figueredo, A. and Fischer, R. and Ford, O. and Frassinetti, L. and Fröschle, M. and Fuchert, G. and Fuchs, J. C. and Fünfgelder, H. and Futatani, S. and Galazka, K. and Escolà, D. Gallart and Gallo, A. and Gao, Y. and Garavaglia, S. and Geiger, B. and Giannone, L. and Gibson, S. and Gil, L. and Giovannozzi, E. and Girka, I. and Girka, O. and Gleiter, T. and Glöggler, S. and Gobbin, M. and Gonzalez, J. C. and Goodman, T. and Gorini, G. and Görler, T. and Gradic, D. and Granucci, G. and Gräter, A. and Grenfell, G. and Greuner, H. and Griener, M. and Groth, M. and Grover, O. and Gude, A. and Guimarais, L. and Günter, S. and Hachmeister, D. and Hakola, A. H. and Ham, C. and Happel, T. and den Harder, N. and Harrer, G. and Harrison, J. and Hauer, V. and Hayward-Schneider, T. and Heinemann, B. and Heinrich, P. and Hellsten, T. and Henderson, S. and Hennequin, P. and Herschel, M. and Heuraux, S. and Herrmann, A. and Heyn, E. and Hitzler, F. and Hobirk, J. and Höfler, K. and Hörmann, S. and Holm, J. H. and Hölzl, M. and Hopf, C. and Horvath, L. and Höschen, T. and Houben, A. and Hubbard, A. and Huber, A. and Hunger, K. and Igochine, V. and Iliasova, M. and Illerhaus, J. and Björk, K. Insulander and Ionita-Schrittwieser, C. and Ivanova-Stanik, I. and Jacob, W. and Jaksic, N. and Jaulmes, F. and Jenko, F. and Jensen, T. and Joffrin, E. and Kallenbach, A. and Kalis, J. and Kappatou, A. and Karhunen, J. and Käsemann, C.-P. and Kasilov, S. and Kazakov, Y. and Kendl, A. and Kernbichler, W. and Khilkevitch, E. and Kircher, M. and Kirk, A. and Hansen, S. Kjer and Klevarova, V. and Klossek, F. and Kocsis, G. and Koleva, M. and Komm, M. and Kong, M. and Krämer-Flecken, A. and Krause, M. and Krebs, I. and Kreuzeder, A. and Krieger, K. and Kudlacek, O. and Kulla, D. and Kurki-Suonio, T. and Kurzan, B. and Labit, B. and Lackner, K. and Laggner, F. and Lahtinen, A. and Lainer, P. and Lang, P. T. and Lauber, P. and Leppin, L. and Lerche, E. and Leuthold, N. and Li, L. and Likonen, J. and Linder, O. and Lindl, H. and Lipschultz, B. and Liu, Y. and Lu, Z. and Luda di Cortemiglia, T. and Luhmann, N. 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 year={2025},
 month=Jan,
 pages={43–51} }