Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO
H. Zohm, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, V. Artigues, M. Astrain, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon Navarro, M. Bauer, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, L. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megías, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, A. Castillo Castillo, A. Cathey, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, I. Cziegler, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, M. Dibon, J.J. Dominguez-Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, M. Dreval, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, I. Girka, O. Girka, T. Gleiter, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, J.C. Gonzalez, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, G. Grenfell, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, O. Grover, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, D. Hachmeister, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, P. Heinrich, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, M. Herschel, S. Heuraux, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, S. Hörmann, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, J. Illerhaus, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, A. Jansen van Vuuren, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, J. Kalis, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, M. Kircher, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, F. Klossek, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, I. Krebs, A. Kreuzeder, K. Krieger, O. Kudlacek, D. Kulla, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P. Lainer, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, M. Lehnen, L. Leppin, E. Lerche, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, H. Lindl, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, Z. Lu, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, V. Maquet, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. Markl, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, F. Matos, M. Mayer, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, G. Meng, R. Merkel, A. Merle, H. Meyer, M. Michelini, D. Milanesio, V. Mitterauer, P. Molina Cabrera, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, P. Oyola, O. Pan, G. Papp, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, M. Peglau, E. Peluso, P. Petersson, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöckl, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, A. Popa, L. Porte, J. Puchmayr, T. Pütterich, L. Radovanovic, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, A. Redl, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, B. Rettino, T. Ribeiro, D. Ricci, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, A. Schlüter, J. Scholte, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, F. Sciortino, O. Seibold-Benjak, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, M. Spacek, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, D. Stieglitz, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, G. Suarez Lopez, W. Suttrop, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, M. Tripský, P. Ulbl, G. Urbanczyk, M. Usoltseva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, S. van Mulders, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, D. Wendler, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, C. Yoo, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, A. Zibrov, M. Zilker, C.F.B. Zimmermann, A. Zito, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team, the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Abstract
Abstract Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98( p,y ) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q -profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.
BibTeX
@article{Zohm_2024,
title={Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO},
volume={64},
ISSN={1741-4326},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad249d},
DOI={10.1088/1741-4326/ad249d},
number={11},
journal={Nuclear Fusion},
publisher={IOP Publishing},
author={Zohm, H. and Alessi, E. and Angioni, C. and Arden, N. and Artigues, V. and Astrain, M. and Asunta, O. and Balden, M. and Bandaru, V. and Banon Navarro, A. and Bauer, M. and Bergmann, A. and Bergmann, M. and Bernardo, J. and Bernert, M. and Biancalani, A. and Bielajew, R. and Bilato, R. and Birkenmeier, G. and Blanken, T. and Bobkov, V. and Bock, A. and Bock, L. and Body, T. and Bolzonella, T. and Bonanomi, N. and Bortolon, A. and Böswirth, B. and Bottereau, C. and Bottino, A. and van den Brand, H. and Brenzke, M. and Brezinsek, S. and Brida, D. and Brochard, F. and Buchanan, J. and Buhler, A. and Burckhart, A. and Camenen, Y. and Cannas, B. and Cano Megías, P. and Carlton, D. and Carr, M. and Carvalho, P. and Castaldo, C. and Castillo Castillo, A. and Cathey, A. and Cavedon, M. and Cazzaniga, C. and Challis, C. and Chankin, A. and Chomiczewska, A. and Cianfarani, C. and Clairet, F. and Coda, S. and Coelho, R. and Coenen, J.W. and Colas, L. and Conway, G. and Costea, S. and Coster, D. and Cote, T. and Creely, A.J. and Croci, G. and Cruz Zabala, D.J. and Cseh, G. and Cziegler, I. and D’Arcangelo, O. and Dal Molin, A. and David, P. and Day, C. and de Baar, M. and de Marné, P. and Delogu, R. and Denner, P. and Di Siena, A. and Dibon, M. and Dominguez-Palacios Durán, J.J. and Dunai, D. and Dreval, M. and Dunne, M. and Duval, B.P. and Dux, R. and Eich, T. and Elgeti, S. and Encheva, A. and Esposito, B. and Fable, E. and Faitsch, M. and Fajardo Jimenez, D. and Fantz, U. and Farnik, M. and Faugel, H. and Felici, F. and Ficker, O. and Figueredo, A. and Fischer, R. and Ford, O. and Frassinetti, L. and Fröschle, M. and Fuchert, G. and Fuchs, J.C. and Fünfgelder, H. and Futatani, S. and Galazka, K. and Galdon-Quiroga, J. and Gallart Escolà, D. and Gallo, A. and Gao, Y. and Garavaglia, S. and Garcia Muñoz, M. and Geiger, B. and Giannone, L. and Gibson, S. and Gil, L. and Giovannozzi, E. and Girka, I. and Girka, O. and Gleiter, T. and Glöggler, S. and Gobbin, M. and Gonzalez, J.C. and Gonzalez Martin, J. and Goodman, T. and Gorini, G. and Görler, T. and Gradic, D. and Granucci, G. and Gräter, A. and Grenfell, G. and Greuner, H. and Griener, M. and Groth, M. and Grover, O. and Gude, A. and Guimarais, L. and Günter, S. and Hachmeister, D. and Hakola, A.H. and Ham, C. and Happel, T. and den Harder, N. and Harrer, G. and Harrison, J. and Hauer, V. and Hayward-Schneider, T. and Heinemann, B. and Heinrich, P. and Hellsten, T. and Henderson, S. and Hennequin, P. and Herschel, M. and Heuraux, S. and Herrmann, A. and Heyn, E. and Hitzler, F. and Hobirk, J. and Höfler, K. and Hörmann, S. and Holm, J.H. and Hölzl, M. and Hopf, C. and Horvath, L. and Höschen, T. and Houben, A. and Hubbard, A. and Huber, A. and Hunger, K. and Igochine, V. and Iliasova, M. and Illerhaus, J. and Insulander Björk, K. and Ionita-Schrittwieser, C. and Ivanova-Stanik, I. and Jachmich, S. and Jacob, W. and Jaksic, N. and Jansen van Vuuren, A. and Jaulmes, F. and Jenko, F. and Jensen, T. and Joffrin, E. and Kallenbach, A. and Kalis, J. and Kappatou, A. and Karhunen, J. and Käsemann, C.-P. and Kasilov, S. and Kazakov, Y. and Kendl, A. and Kernbichler, W. and Khilkevitch, E. and Kircher, M. and Kirk, A. and Kjer Hansen, S. and Klevarova, V. and Klossek, F. and Kocsis, G. and Koleva, M. and Komm, M. and Kong, M. and Krämer-Flecken, A. and Krause, M. and Krebs, I. and Kreuzeder, A. and Krieger, K. and Kudlacek, O. and Kulla, D. and Kurki-Suonio, T. and Kurzan, B. and Labit, B. and Lackner, K. and Laggner, F. and Lahtinen, A. and Lainer, P. and Lang, P.T. and Lauber, P. and Lehnen, M. and Leppin, L. and Lerche, E. and Leuthold, N. and Li, L. and Likonen, J. and Linder, O. and Lindl, H. and Lipschultz, B. and Liu, Y. and Lu, Z. and Luda Di Cortemiglia, T. and Luhmann, N.C. and Lunt, T. and Lyssoivan, A. and Maceina, T. and Madsen, J. and Magnanimo, A. and Maier, H. and Mailloux, J. and Maingi, R. and Maj, O. and Maljaars, E. and Maquet, V. and Mancini, A. and Manhard, A. and Mantica, P. and Mantsinen, M. and Manz, P. and Maraschek, M. and Marchetto, C. and Markl, M. and Marrelli, L. and Martin, P. and Matos, F. and Mayer, M. and McCarthy, P.J. and McDermott, R. and Meng, G. and Merkel, R. and Merle, A. and Meyer, H. and Michelini, M. and Milanesio, D. and Mitterauer, V. and Molina Cabrera, P. and Muraca, M. and Nabais, F. and Naulin, V. and Nazikian, R. and Nem, R.D. and Neu, R. and Nielsen, A.H. and Nielsen, S.K. and Nishizawa, T. and Nocente, M. and Novikau, I. and Nowak, S. and Ochoukov, R. and Olsen, J. and Oyola, P. and Pan, O. and Papp, G. and Pau, A. and Pautasso, G. and Paz-Soldan, C. and Peglau, M. and Peluso, E. and Petersson, P. and Piron, C. and Plank, U. and Plaum, B. and Plöckl, B. and Plyusnin, V. and Pokol, G. and Poli, E. and Popa, A. and Porte, L. and Puchmayr, J. and Pütterich, T. and Radovanovic, L. and Ramisch, M. and Rasmussen, J. and Ratta, G. and Ratynskaia, S. and Raupp, G. and Redl, A. and Réfy, D. and Reich, M. and Reimold, F. and Reiser, D. and Reisner, M. and Reiter, D. and Rettino, B. and Ribeiro, T. and Ricci, D. and Riedl, R. and Riesch, J. and Rivero Rodriguez, J.F. and Rocchi, G. and Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. and Rohde, V. and Ronchi, G. and Rott, M. and Rubel, M. and Ryan, D.A. and Ryter, F. and Saarelma, S. and Salewski, M. and Salmi, A. and Samoylov, O. and Sanchis Sanchez, L. and Santos, J. and Sauter, O. and Schall, G. and Schlüter, A. and Scholte, J. and Schmid, K. and Schmitz, O. and Schneider, P.A. and Schrittwieser, R. and Schubert, M. and Schuster, C. and Schwarz, N. and Schwarz-Selinger, T. and Schweinzer, J. and Sciortino, F. and Seibold-Benjak, O. and Shabbir, A. and Shalpegin, A. and Sharapov, S. and Sheikh, U. and Shevelev, A. and Sias, G. and Siccinio, M. and Sieglin, B. and Sigalov, A. and Silva, A. and Silva, C. and Silvagni, D. and Simpson, J. and Sipilä, S. and Snicker, A. and Solano, E. and Sommariva, C. and Sozzi, C. and Spacek, M. and Spizzo, G. and Spolaore, M. and Stegmeir, A. and Stejner, M. and Stieglitz, D. and Stober, J. and Stroth, U. and Strumberger, E. and Suarez Lopez, G. and Suttrop, W. and Szepesi, T. and Tál, B. and Tala, T. and Tang, W. and Tardini, G. and Tardocchi, M. and Terranova, D. and Teschke, M. and Thorén, E. and Tierens, W. and Told, D. and Treutterer, W. and Trevisan, G. and Tripský, M. and Ulbl, P. and Urbanczyk, G. and Usoltseva, M. and Valisa, M. and Valovic, M. and van Mulders, S. and van Zeeland, M. and Vannini, F. and Vanovac, B. and Varela, P. and Varoutis, S. and Verdier, T. and Verdoolaege, G. and Vianello, N. and Vicente, J. and Vierle, T. and Viezzer, E. and Voitsekhovitch, I. and von Toussaint, U. and Wagner, D. and Wang, X. and Weiland, M. and Wendler, D. and White, A.E. and Willensdorfer, M. and Wiringer, B. and Wischmeier, M. and Wolf, R. and Wolfrum, E. and Yang, Q. and Yoo, C. and Yu, Q. and Zagórski, R. and Zammuto, I. and Zehetbauer, T. and Zhang, W. and Zholobenko, W. and Zibrov, A. and Zilker, M. and Zimmermann, C.F.B. and Zito, A. and Zohm, H. and Zoletnik, S. and },
year={2024},
month=Aug,
pages={112001} }