Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X

Thomas Sunn Pedersen, I. Abramovic, P. Agostinetti, M. Agredano Torres, S. Äkäslompolo, J. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, M. Alhashimi, A. Ali, N. Allen, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, C. Angioni, A. Arkhipov, A. Arnold, W. Asad, E. Ascasibar, M.-H. Aumeunier, K. Avramidis, E. Aymerich, S.-G. Baek, J. Bähner, A. Baillod, M. Balden, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Banon Navarro, A. Bañón Navarro, T. Barbui, C. Beidler, C. Belafdil, A. Bencze, A. Benndorf, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, O. Biletskyi, B. Blackwell, M. Blatzheim, T. Bluhm, D. Böckenhoff, G. Bongiovi, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, J. Boscary, H. Bosch, T. Bosmann, B. Böswirth, L. Böttger, A. Bottino, S. Bozhenkov, R. Brakel, C. Brandt, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, S. Brezinsek, K. Brunner, S. Buller, R. Burhenn, R. Bussiahn, B. Buttenschön, A. Buzás, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, K. Camacho Mata, I. Caminal, B. Cannas, A. Cappa, A. Carls, F. Carovani, M. Carr, D. Carralero, B. Carvalho, J. Casas, D. Castano-Bardawil, F. Castejon, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, A. Chomiczewska, J.W. Coenen, M. Cole, F. Cordella, Y. Corre, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H. Damm, C. Day, M. de Baar, E. De la Cal, S. Degenkolbe, A. Demby, S. Denk, C. Dhard, A. Di Siena, A. Dinklage, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, D. Dunai, E. Edlund, F. Effenberg, G. Ehrke, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, T. Estrada, E. Fable, N. Fahrenkamp, A. Fanni, J. Faustin, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, W. Figacz, E. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, H. Frerichs, S. Freundt, G. Fuchert, M. Fukuyama, F. Füllenbach, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, J.M. García Regaña, I. García-Cortés, J. Gaspar, D.A. Gates, J. Geiger, B. Geiger, L. Giudicotti, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, J.P. Graves, J. Green, E. Grelier, H. Greuner, S. Groß, H. Grote, M. Groth, M. Gruca, O. Grulke, M. Grün, J. Guerrero Arnaiz, S. Günter, V. Haak, M. Haas, P. Hacker, A. Hakola, A. Hallenbert, K. Hammond, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J.H. Harris, H. Hartfuß, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, R. Hatzky, J. Hawke, S. Hegedus, B. Hein, B. Heinemann, P. Helander, S. Henneberg, U. Hergenhahn, C. Hidalgo, F. Hindenlang, M. Hirsch, U. Höfel, K.P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Hopf, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Howard, X. Huang, M. Hubeny, S. Hudson, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, V. Igochine, S. Illy, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, M. Isobe, M. Jabłczyńska, S. Jablonski, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, A. Jansen van Vuuren, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, H. Jenzsch, P. Junghanns, J. Kaczmarczyk, J. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, M. Kandler, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, D. Kennedy, A. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Kiefer, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, T. Klinger, S. Klose, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, Ya.I. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, R. König, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, J. Koschinsky, M.M. Kozulia, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Krampitz, M. Krause, N. Krawczyk, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, M. Kuczynski, G. Kühner, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, M. Landreman, P.T. Lang, A. Langenberg, H.P. Laqua, H. Laqua, R. Laube, S. Lazerson, M. Lewerentz, C. Li, Y. Liang, Ch. Linsmeier, J. Lion, A. Litnovsky, S. Liu, J. Lobsien, J. Loizu, J. Lore, A. Lorenz, U. Losada, F. Louche, R. Lunsford, V. Lutsenko, M. Machielsen, F. Mackel, J. Maisano-Brown, O. Maj, D. Makowski, G. Manduchi, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, S. Marsen, E. Martines, J. Martinez-Fernandez, M. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, O. Mccormack, P. McNeely, H. Meister, B. Mendelevitch, S. Mendes, A. Merlo, A. Messian, A. Mielczarek, O. Mishchenko, B. Missal, R. Mitteau, V.E. Moiseenko, A. Mollen, V. Moncada, T. Mönnich, T. Morisaki, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, M. Mulsow, M. Nagel, D. Naujoks, V. Naulin, T. Neelis, H. Neilson, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S.K. Nielsen, H. Niemann, T. Nishiza, T. Nishizawa, T. Nishizawa, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, J. Oelmann, G. Offermanns, K. Ogawa, S. Okamura, J. Ölmanns, J. Ongena, J. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, E. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, G. Pechstein, G. Pelka, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, D. Pilopp, S. Pingel, F. Pisano, B. Plöckl, G. Plunk, P. Pölöskei, B. Pompe, A. Popov, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, M.-E. Puiatti, A. Puig Sitjes, F. Purps, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, A. Reiman, F. Reimold, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, M. Richou, R. Riedl, J. Riemann, K. Riße, G. Roberg-Clark, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, D. Rondeshagen, P. Rong, L. Rudischhauser, T. Rummel, K. Rummel, A. Runov, N. Rust, L. Ryc, P. Salembier, M. Salewski, E. Sanchez, S. Satake, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, F. Schauer, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, W. Schneider, M. Schneider, P. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, T. Schröder, M. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, D. Schwörer, E. Scott, E. Scott, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, P. Sichta, M. Singer, P. Sinha, S. Sipliä, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, H. Smith, J. Smoniewski, E. Sonnendrücker, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, R. Stadler, D. Stańczak, T. Stange, I. Stepanov, L. Stephey, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, C. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, J. Svensson, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, M. Szücs, F.L. Tabarés, N. Tamura, A. Tancetti, C. Tantos, J. Terry, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, J.M. Travere, P. Traverso, J. Tretter, E. Trier, H. Trimino Mora, T. Tsujimura, Y. Turkin, A. Tykhyi, B. Unterberg, P. van Eeten, B.Ph. van Milligen, M. van Schoor, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, L. Vela, J.L. Velasco, M. Vervier, N. Vianello, H. Viebke, R. Vilbrandt, G. Vogel, N. Vogt, C. Volkhausen, A. von Stechow, F. Wagner, E. Wang, H. Wang, F. Warmer, T. Wauters, L. Wegener, T. Wegner, G. Weir, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilde, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, M. Winkler, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, A.M. Wright, G.A. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, S. Xu, H. Yamada, H. Yamaguchi, M. Yokoyama, M. Yoshinuma, Q. Yu, M. Zamanov, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, C. Zhu, M. Zilker, A. Zocco, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, L. Zsuga

2022 · Nuclear Fusion · vol. 62 · no. 4 · pp. 042022 · IOP Publishing · 10.1088/1741-4326/ac2cf5

Abstract

Abstract We present recent highlights from the most recent operation phases of Wendelstein 7-X, the most advanced stellarator in the world. Stable detachment with good particle exhaust, low impurity content, and energy confinement times exceeding 100 ms, have been maintained for tens of seconds. Pellet fueling allows for plasma phases with reduced ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, and during such phases, the overall confinement is so good (energy confinement times often exceeding 200 ms) that the attained density and temperature profiles would not have been possible in less optimized devices, since they would have had neoclassical transport losses exceeding the heating applied in W7-X. This provides proof that the reduction of neoclassical transport through magnetic field optimization is successful. W7-X plasmas generally show good impurity screening and high plasma purity, but there is evidence of longer impurity confinement times during turbulence-suppressed phases.

@article{Sunn_Pedersen_2022,
 title={Experimental confirmation of efficient island divertor operation and successful neoclassical transport optimization in Wendelstein 7-X},
 volume={62},
 ISSN={1741-4326},
 url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac2cf5},
 DOI={10.1088/1741-4326/ac2cf5},
 number={4},
 journal={Nuclear Fusion},
 publisher={IOP Publishing},
 author={Sunn Pedersen, Thomas and Abramovic, I. and Agostinetti, P. and Agredano Torres, M. and Äkäslompolo, S. and Alcuson Belloso, J. and Aleynikov, P. and Aleynikova, K. and Alhashimi, M. and Ali, A. and Allen, N. and Alonso, A. and Anda, G. and Andreeva, T. and Angioni, C. and Arkhipov, A. and Arnold, A. and Asad, W. and Ascasibar, E. and Aumeunier, M.-H. and Avramidis, K. and Aymerich, E. and Baek, S.-G. and Bähner, J. and Baillod, A. and Balden, M. and Balden, M. and Baldzuhn, J. and Ballinger, S. and Banduch, M. and Bannmann, S. and Banon Navarro, A. and Bañón Navarro, A. and Barbui, T. and Beidler, C. and Belafdil, C. and Bencze, A. and Benndorf, A. and Beurskens, M. and Biedermann, C. and Biletskyi, O. and Blackwell, B. and Blatzheim, M. and Bluhm, T. and Böckenhoff, D. and Bongiovi, G. and Borchardt, M. and Borodin, D. and Boscary, J. and Bosch, H. and Bosmann, T. and Böswirth, B. and Böttger, L. and Bottino, A. and Bozhenkov, S. and Brakel, R. and Brandt, C. and Bräuer, T. and Braune, H. and Brezinsek, S. and Brunner, K. and Buller, S. and Burhenn, R. and Bussiahn, R. and Buttenschön, B. and Buzás, A. and Bykov, V. and Calvo, I. and Camacho Mata, K. and Caminal, I. and Cannas, B. and Cappa, A. and Carls, A. and Carovani, F. and Carr, M. and Carralero, D. and Carvalho, B. and Casas, J. and Castano-Bardawil, D. and Castejon, F. and Chaudhary, N. and Chelis, I. and Chomiczewska, A. and Coenen, J.W. and Cole, M. and Cordella, F. and Corre, Y. and Crombe, K. and Cseh, G. and Csillag, B. and Damm, H. and Day, C. and de Baar, M. and De la Cal, E. and Degenkolbe, S. and Demby, A. and Denk, S. and Dhard, C. and Di Siena, A. and Dinklage, A. and Dittmar, T. and Dreval, M. and Drevlak, M. and Drewelow, P. and Drews, P. and Dunai, D. and Edlund, E. and Effenberg, F. and Ehrke, G. and Endler, M. and Ennis, D.A. and Escoto, F.J. and Estrada, T. and Fable, E. and Fahrenkamp, N. and Fanni, A. and Faustin, J. and Fellinger, J. and Feng, Y. and Figacz, W. and Flom, E. and Ford, O. and Fornal, T. and Frerichs, H. and Freundt, S. and Fuchert, G. and Fukuyama, M. and Füllenbach, F. and Gantenbein, G. and Gao, Y. and Garcia, K. and García Regaña, J.M. and García-Cortés, I. and Gaspar, J. and Gates, D.A. and Geiger, J. and Geiger, B. and Giudicotti, L. and González, A. and Goriaev, A. and Gradic, D. and Grahl, M. and Graves, J.P. and Green, J. and Grelier, E. and Greuner, H. and Groß, S. and Grote, H. and Groth, M. and Gruca, M. and Grulke, O. and Grün, M. and Guerrero Arnaiz, J. and Günter, S. and Haak, V. and Haas, M. and Hacker, P. and Hakola, A. and Hallenbert, A. and Hammond, K. and Han, X. and Hansen, S.K. and Harris, J.H. and Hartfuß, H. and Hartmann, D. and Hathiramani, D. and Hatzky, R. and Hawke, J. and Hegedus, S. and Hein, B. and Heinemann, B. and Helander, P. and Henneberg, S. and Hergenhahn, U. and Hidalgo, C. and Hindenlang, F. and Hirsch, M. and Höfel, U. and Hollfeld, K.P. and Holtz, A. and Hopf, D. and Höschen, D. and Houry, M. and Howard, J. and Huang, X. and Hubeny, M. and Hudson, S. and Ida, K. and Igitkhanov, Y. and Igochine, V. and Illy, S. and Ionita-Schrittwieser, C. and Isobe, M. and Jabłczyńska, M. and Jablonski, S. and Jagielski, B. and Jakubowski, M. and Jansen van Vuuren, A. and Jelonnek, J. and Jenko, F. and Jenko, F. and Jensen, T. and Jenzsch, H. and Junghanns, P. and Kaczmarczyk, J. and Kallmeyer, J. and Kamionka, U. and Kandler, M. and Kasilov, S. and Kazakov, Y. and Kennedy, D. and Kharwandikar, A. and Khokhlov, M. and Kiefer, C. and Killer, C. and Kirschner, A. and Kleiber, R. and Klinger, T. and Klose, S. and Knauer, J. and Knieps, A. and Köchl, F. and Kocsis, G. and Kolesnichenko, Ya.I. and Könies, A. and König, R. and Kontula, J. and Kornejew, P. and Koschinsky, J. and Kozulia, M.M. and Krämer-Flecken, A. and Krampitz, R. and Krause, M. and Krawczyk, N. and Kremeyer, T. and Krier, L. and Kriete, D.M. and Krychowiak, M. and Ksiazek, I. and Kubkowska, M. and Kuczynski, M. and Kühner, G. and Kumar, A. and Kurki-Suonio, T. and Kwak, S. and Landreman, M. and Lang, P.T. and Langenberg, A. and Laqua, H.P. and Laqua, H. and Laube, R. and Lazerson, S. and Lewerentz, M. and Li, C. and Liang, Y. and Linsmeier, Ch. and Lion, J. and Litnovsky, A. and Liu, S. and Lobsien, J. and Loizu, J. and Lore, J. and Lorenz, A. and Losada, U. and Louche, F. and Lunsford, R. and Lutsenko, V. and Machielsen, M. and Mackel, F. and Maisano-Brown, J. and Maj, O. and Makowski, D. and Manduchi, G. and Maragkoudakis, E. and Marchuk, O. and Marsen, S. and Martines, E. and Martinez-Fernandez, J. and Marushchenko, M. and Masuzaki, S. and Maurer, D. and Mayer, M. and McCarthy, K.J. and Mccormack, O. and McNeely, P. and Meister, H. and Mendelevitch, B. and Mendes, S. and Merlo, A. and Messian, A. and Mielczarek, A. and Mishchenko, O. and Missal, B. and Mitteau, R. and Moiseenko, V.E. and Mollen, A. and Moncada, V. and Mönnich, T. and Morisaki, T. and Moseev, D. and Motojima, G. and Mulas, S. and Mulsow, M. and Nagel, M. and Naujoks, D. and Naulin, V. and Neelis, T. and Neilson, H. and Neu, R. and Neubauer, O. and Neuner, U. and Nicolai, D. and Nielsen, S.K. and Niemann, H. and Nishiza, T. and Nishizawa, T. and Nishizawa, T. and Nührenberg, C. and Ochoukov, R. and Oelmann, J. and Offermanns, G. and Ogawa, K. and Okamura, S. and Ölmanns, J. and Ongena, J. and Oosterbeek, J. and Otte, M. and Pablant, N. and Panadero Alvarez, N. and Panadero Alvarez, N. and Pandey, A. and Pasch, E. and Pavlichenko, R. and Pavone, A. and Pawelec, E. and Pechstein, G. and Pelka, G. and Perseo, V. and Peterson, B. and Pilopp, D. and Pingel, S. and Pisano, F. and Plöckl, B. and Plunk, G. and Pölöskei, P. and Pompe, B. and Popov, A. and Porkolab, M. and Proll, J. and Pueschel, M.J. and Puiatti, M.-E. and Puig Sitjes, A. and Purps, F. and Rahbarnia, K. and Rasiński, M. and Rasmussen, J. and Reiman, A. and Reimold, F. and Reisner, M. and Reiter, D. and Richou, M. and Riedl, R. and Riemann, J. and Riße, K. and Roberg-Clark, G. and Rohde, V. and Romazanov, J. and Rondeshagen, D. and Rong, P. and Rudischhauser, L. and Rummel, T. and Rummel, K. and Runov, A. and Rust, N. and Ryc, L. and Salembier, P. and Salewski, M. and Sanchez, E. and Satake, S. and Satheeswaran, G. and Schacht, J. and Scharff, E. and Schauer, F. and Schilling, J. and Schlisio, G. and Schmid, K. and Schmitt, J. and Schmitz, O. and Schneider, W. and Schneider, M. and Schneider, P. and Schrittwieser, R. and Schröder, T. and Schröder, M. and Schroeder, R. and Schweer, B. and Schwörer, D. and Scott, E. and Scott, E. and Shanahan, B. and Sias, G. and Sichta, P. and Singer, M. and Sinha, P. and Sipliä, S. and Slaby, C. and Sleczka, M. and Smith, H. and Smoniewski, J. and Sonnendrücker, E. and Spolaore, M. and Spring, A. and Stadler, R. and Stańczak, D. and Stange, T. and Stepanov, I. and Stephey, L. and Stober, J. and Stroth, U. and Strumberger, E. and Suzuki, C. and Suzuki, Y. and Svensson, J. and Szabolics, T. and Szepesi, T. and Szücs, M. and Tabarés, F.L. and Tamura, N. and Tancetti, A. and Tantos, C. and Terry, J. and Thienpondt, H. and Thomsen, H. and Thumm, M. and Travere, J.M. and Traverso, P. and Tretter, J. and Trier, E. and Trimino Mora, H. and Tsujimura, T. and Turkin, Y. and Tykhyi, A. and Unterberg, B. and van Eeten, P. and van Milligen, B.Ph. and van Schoor, M. and Vano, L. and Varoutis, S. and Vecsei, M. and Vela, L. and Velasco, J.L. and Vervier, M. and Vianello, N. and Viebke, H. and Vilbrandt, R. and Vogel, G. and Vogt, N. and Volkhausen, C. and von Stechow, A. and Wagner, F. and Wang, E. and Wang, H. and Warmer, F. and Wauters, T. and Wegener, L. and Wegner, T. and Weir, G. and Wenzel, U. and White, A. and Wilde, F. and Wilms, F. and Windisch, T. and Winkler, M. and Winter, A. and Winters, V. and Wolf, R. and Wright, A.M. and Wurden, G.A. and Xanthopoulos, P. and Xu, S. and Yamada, H. and Yamaguchi, H. and Yokoyama, M. and Yoshinuma, M. and Yu, Q. and Zamanov, M. and Zanini, M. and Zarnstorff, M. and Zhang, D. and Zhou, S. and Zhu, J. and Zhu, C. and Zilker, M. and Zocco, A. and Zohm, H. and Zoletnik, S. and Zsuga, L.},
 year={2022},
 month=Apr,
 pages={042022} }